Methyl Formate (Methyl Methanoate)

CAS No.: 107-31-3
Synonyms / IUPAC Name: Methyl Formate, Methyl Methanoate
Molecular Formula: C₂H₄O₂
Molecular Weight: ~ 60.05 g/mol

Physicochemical Properties (Typical)

• Appearance: Colorless, clear liquid
• Odor: Pleasant, ethereal or fruity scent
• Melting / Freezing Point: ~ –100 °C
• Boiling Point: ~ 31.5 – 32.0 °C
• Density (20 °C): ~ 0.97 – 0.98 g/cm³
• Vapor Pressure (20 °C): ~ 634 hPa (~ 476 mmHg)
• Solubility in Water (20 °C): ~ 30% (approx. 300 g/L)
• Miscibility: Fully miscible with ethanol, ether, acetone, and many organic solvents
• Flash Point (closed cup): ~ –20 °C
• Explosive / Flammable Limits (v/v in air): ~ 4.5% (lower) to ~ 23% (upper)
• Vapor Density (air = 1): ~ 2.1
• Refractive Index (n²⁰ᴰ): ~ 1.343
• Stability: Stable under normal conditions; can slowly hydrolyze with water to form formic acid and methanol

Purity & Quality Standards

• Purity (by GC or equivalent): ≥ 98.0% (or as required)
• Water / Moisture Content: ≤ 0.01% (or as specified)
• Non-volatile Residue: ≤ 0.0005%
• Impurity / Residuals: Strictly controlled, minimal by-products
• Analytical Methods: Gas chromatography, spectroscopy, titration where applicable
• Documentation: Certificate of Analysis (COA) and Safety Data Sheet (SDS) provided

Applications / Uses

• Solvent in coatings, adhesives, inks, and degreasing operations
• Chemical intermediate for synthesis of esters, formates, and fine chemicals
• Blowing agent in polymer foaming (e.g. polyurethane)
• Fumigant / insecticidal agent (used in certain commodity storage operations)
• Additive or reactive component in formulations under controlled conditions

Safety & Handling

• Hazard Classification: Highly flammable liquid, Class 3
• Health Hazards: Irritation to eyes, skin, respiratory system; inhalation may cause central nervous system effects (dizziness, headache)
• Exposure Limits (typical): TWA = 100 ppm; STEL = 150 ppm; IDLH = 4500 ppm
• Precautions: Use in well-ventilated areas; avoid spark, flame, electric discharge; wear gloves, goggles, and suitable respirator if necessary
• Fire & Explosion: Vapors heavier than air may spread and flash back; avoid ignition sources; use explosion-proof equipment
• Incompatibilities: Strong oxidizers, bases, acids, metal salts
• Decomposition Products: Under fire conditions may generate carbon oxides, formic acid, methanol
• First Aid:
  • Inhalation – Move to fresh air
  • Skin – Wash with water and soap
  • Eyes – Rinse thoroughly
  • Ingestion – Seek immediate medical attention

Packaging & Storage

• Packaging: Sealed, compatible containers (metal drums, lined steel, solvent-resistant vessels)
• Storage Conditions: Cool, dry, and well-ventilated; avoid heat, sunlight, and ignition sources
• Container Closure: Keep tightly closed when not in use
• Storage Temperature: Preferably below 30 °C
• Shelf Life: 12–24 months under proper storage conditions