Dimethyl Sulfoxide

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1. Chemical Structure and Properties

Molecular Formula: C₂H₆OS
Structural Formula: (CH₃)₂SO — DMSO is a polar aprotic solvent with a sulfoxide functional group.

Physical Properties:

Chemical Properties:

2. Industrial Applications

Solvent in Chemical Synthesis: Widely used in pharmaceutical and polymer synthesis due to its excellent solvating properties
Cryopreservation: Used to preserve cells, tissues, and organs in biomedical research
Electronics Industry: Functions as a cleaning solvent and reagent in manufacturing processes
Analytical Chemistry: Utilized as a solvent in NMR spectroscopy and other analytical techniques

3. Safety and Toxicology

Health Hazards: May cause skin irritation and enhance absorption of other chemicals through skin
Inhalation: Vapors may irritate respiratory tract
Protective Measures: Use gloves, goggles, and adequate ventilation; avoid direct skin contact

4. Environmental and Regulatory Considerations

Environmental Impact: Biodegradable under aerobic conditions; avoid discharge into waterways in large quantities
Regulatory Compliance: Listed on EU REACH and US TSCA inventories; transport as non-hazardous liquid under standard conditions

5. Case Studies and Application Insights

Pharmaceutical Synthesis: DMSO serves as a solvent for polar reactants, improving reaction yields and selectivity
Cryobiology: Used successfully to preserve stem cells and other biological samples without significant loss of viability