Morpholine

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1. Chemical Structure and Properties

Molecular Formula: C₄H₉NO
Structural Formula: O(CH₂CH₂)₂NH — Morpholine is a heterocyclic amine containing both a nitrogen and an oxygen atom in a six-membered ring.

Physical Properties:

Chemical Properties:

2. Industrial Applications

Corrosion Inhibitor: Used in boiler water treatment to prevent metal corrosion
Chemical Intermediate: Key raw material in the manufacture of rubber accelerators, emulsifiers, and fungicides
Solvent: Employed as a solvent for coatings, resins, and pesticides
Pharmaceuticals: Intermediate in synthesis of active compounds and drugs

3. Safety and Toxicology

Health Hazards: May cause irritation to skin, eyes, and respiratory tract; prolonged exposure can lead to dermatitis
Inhalation: Vapors can irritate the respiratory system
Fire & Explosion: Combustible liquid; avoid open flames and ignition sources
Protective Measures: Use gloves, goggles, and ensure good ventilation. In case of contact, rinse thoroughly with water and seek medical advice if necessary

4. Environmental and Regulatory Considerations

Environmental Impact: Biodegradable under aerobic conditions; avoid release into waterways
Regulatory Compliance: Registered under EU REACH and listed on US TSCA
Transport: UN 2055, Class 8 (corrosive), Packing Group III

5. Case Studies: Application Insights

Rubber Industry: Morpholine is used to accelerate vulcanization and improve rubber elasticity
Coatings & Pesticides: Serves as an intermediate in formulations, enhancing stability and effectiveness
Pharmaceutical Production: Acts as a building block in active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) synthesis