1. Chemical Structure and Properties

Molecular Formula: C₄H₁₁NO₂
Structural Formula: HN(CH₂CH₂OH)₂ — A secondary aliphatic amine with two hydroxyethyl groups attached to the nitrogen atom.

Physical Properties:

• Appearance: Colorless to pale yellow viscous liquid

• Boiling Point: ~269°C

• Density: 1.09 g/cm³ at 20°C

• Solubility: Miscible with water, alcohols, and many polar organic solvents

Chemical Properties:

• Acts as a weakly basic secondary amine with two hydroxyl groups

• Exhibits both nucleophilic and amphiphilic behavior

• Stable under normal conditions, reactive with strong oxidizers

• Flash point: ~104°C (closed cup) — combustible but less volatile than low molecular weight amines

2. Industrial Applications

Gas Treatment:

• Widely used in natural gas and refinery industries for CO₂ and H₂S absorption

Corrosion Inhibition:

• Added to boiler water, cooling systems, and metalworking fluids to neutralize acidic impurities

Chemical Intermediate:

• Key raw material in producing surfactants, emulsifiers, and other specialty chemicals

Personal Care & Pharmaceuticals:

• Used as a pH regulator and intermediate in cosmetics, shampoos, and pharmaceutical formulations

Textile and Leather Processing:

• Acts as a buffering agent and pH adjuster in dyeing, finishing, and leather treatment

3. Safety and Toxicology

Health Hazards:

• Skin/Eye Contact: May cause irritation; prolonged exposure can lead to dermatitis

• Inhalation: Vapors may irritate respiratory tract

• Ingestion: Harmful if swallowed

Fire & Explosion Risk:

• Combustible liquid; avoid open flames and ignition sources

Protective Measures:

• Wear nitrile gloves, chemical-resistant goggles, and proper respiratory protection

• In case of contact, rinse thoroughly with water and seek medical advice if irritation persists

4. Environmental and Regulatory Considerations

Environmental Impact:

• Biodegradable under aerobic conditions

• Moderate aquatic toxicity; avoid release into waterways

Regulatory Compliance:

• Registered under EU REACH and listed on US TSCA

• Transport classification: UN 2923, Class 8 (corrosive), Packing Group III

5. Case Studies and Application Insights

Gas Sweetening:

• Employed in acid gas removal units to capture CO₂ and H₂S, improving fuel quality and reducing emissions

Corrosion Control:

• Incorporated in cooling towers and boiler water treatment, prolonging equipment life and lowering maintenance costs

Comparison with Alternatives:

• Compared to monoethanolamine (MEA), DEA offers lower volatility and better thermal stability, making it suitable for harsher industrial conditions