Tetrahydrofuran (THF)

   CAS No.: 109-99-9
   Synonyms / IUPAC Name: Tetrahydrofuran, Oxolane
   Molecular Formula: C₄H₈O
   Molecular Weight: 72.11 g/mol

Physicochemical Properties (Typical)

• Appearance: Colorless, clear liquid with an ether-like odor
• Melting / Freezing Point: ~ –108 °C
• Boiling Point: ~ 65–67 °C
• Density (20–25 °C): ~ 0.889 g/cm³
• Refractive Index (n²⁰ᴰ): ~ 1.407
• Solubility: Fully miscible with water and many organic solvents
• Flash Point (closed cup): ~ –17 °C
• Vapor Density (vs. air = 1): ~ 2.5 (heavier than air)
• Explosive / Flammable Limits: ~ 2% to ~12% (v/v in air)
• Stability: Can form peroxides on exposure to air or oxidants; highly flammable vapors

Purity & Quality Standards

• Purity (by GC or equivalent): ≥ 99.5% (reagent or solvent grade)
• Moisture / Water Content: ≤ ~0.05% for HPLC grade
• Peroxide Content (stabilized form): Controlled to minimal ppm levels for safe storage
• Documentation: Certificate of Analysis (COA) and Safety Data Sheet (SDS) provided

Applications / Uses

• Solvent for resins, polymers, adhesives, coatings, and in chemical synthesis
• Intermediate in the production of poly(tetramethylene ether) glycol (PTMEG) and related polymers
• Used in laboratories for reaction media and extraction due to high miscibility and polarity

Safety & Handling

• Hazard Classification: Highly flammable liquid and vapor; vapors heavier than air
• Health Hazards:
• Vapors may cause dizziness, headache, or CNS effects
• Liquid may irritate skin and eyes
• Precautions:
• Use only in well-ventilated areas
• Wear protective gloves, goggles, and suitable clothing
• Keep away from heat, sparks, open flames, and hot surfaces
• Store under inert gas or with stabilizer when required
• Reactivity / Incompatibilities: Strong oxidizers, peroxides, bases, and certain metals can trigger hazardous conditions
• First Aid Measures:
• Inhalation – Move to fresh air and seek medical attention
• Skin – Wash with mild soap and water
• Eyes – Rinse thoroughly with water for several minutes
• Ingestion – Do not induce vomiting; seek immediate medical assistance

Packaging & Storage

• Packaging: Sealed solvent-compatible containers (metal drums or lined vessels)
• Storage Conditions: Cool (<30 °C), dry, well-ventilated area away from ignition sources and direct sunlight
• Container Closure: Keep tightly closed; use inert gas (e.g., nitrogen) if needed to reduce peroxide formation
• Shelf Life: 12–24 months if stored properly with stabilizer and minimal air exposure
• Handling Note: Periodically test stored solvent for peroxide content before use