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Ethanol

  • Category:
    Specialty Chemicals

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Product Profile

1. Chemical Structure and Properties

Molecular Formula: C₂H₆O
Structural Formula: CH₃CH₂OH — A primary alcohol with a hydroxyl (-OH) functional group attached to an ethyl chain.

Physical Properties:

  • Appearance: Colorless, volatile liquid with a characteristic alcohol odor

  • Boiling Point: 78.37°C

  • Density: 0.789 g/cm³ at 20°C

  • Solubility: Miscible with water, ether, acetone, and many organic solvents

Chemical Properties:

  • Acts as a polar protic solvent and a mild reducing agent

  • Combustible liquid, reacts with strong oxidizers

  • Can undergo esterification, dehydration, and oxidation reactions




2. Industrial Applications

  • Solvent: Widely used in pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, coatings, and chemical syntheses

  • Fuel and Fuel Additive: Used in bioethanol blends for gasoline engines

  • Disinfectant and Antiseptic: Common ingredient in hand sanitizers and medical wipes

  • Chemical Intermediate: Raw material for producing ethyl acetate, acetic acid, and other organic compounds

  • Beverage Industry: Fermented to produce alcoholic drinks




3. Safety and Toxicology

Health Hazards:

  • Inhalation: May cause dizziness, headache, and respiratory irritation

  • Skin/Eye Contact: Can cause mild irritation on prolonged exposure

  • Ingestion: Toxic in high doses; excessive consumption may affect the liver and CNS

Fire & Explosion Risk:

  • Highly flammable; flash point 12°C (closed cup)

  • Keep away from sparks, open flames, and oxidizing agents

Protective Measures:

  • Use gloves, goggles, and proper ventilation

  • In case of contact, rinse with plenty of water; in case of ingestion, seek medical attention




4. Environmental and Regulatory Considerations

Environmental Impact:

  • Biodegradable under aerobic conditions

  • Low bioaccumulation potential

  • Avoid release into waterways in large quantities

Regulatory Compliance:

  • EU REACH registered

  • Listed on US TSCA inventory

  • Transportation: UN 1170, Class 3 flammable liquid, Packing Group II




5. Case Studies and Application Insights

  • Pharmaceutical Industry: Used as a solvent for active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs), ensuring purity and stability

  • Biofuel Production: Blended into gasoline to reduce carbon emissions and improve octane rating

  • Sanitization: Effective as a 70% solution in killing bacteria and viruses on surfaces

  • Comparative Analysis: Compared to other alcohols (methanol, isopropanol), ethanol is safer for human contact and edible applications