Polyacrylamide

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Molecular Formula: (C₃H₅NO)ₙ
Structural Formula: [–CH₂–CH(CONH₂)–]ₙ – A high molecular weight polymer of acrylamide.
Appearance: White to off-white granular solid or powder.
Molecular Weight: Typically 1–15 million g/mol (depending on polymerization).
Solubility: Fully soluble in water; insoluble in most organic solvents.
Types: Available as non-ionic, anionic, and cationic grades depending on functional group modification.

Water Treatment:
Acts as a flocculant for wastewater, drinking water purification, and sludge dewatering.
Enhanced Oil Recovery:
Used as a viscosity modifier in polymer flooding techniques to improve crude oil extraction.
Paper Industry:
Functions as a retention and drainage aid, improving paper quality and production efficiency.
Mining and Mineral Processing:
Facilitates solid-liquid separation, tailings treatment, and ore concentration.
Other Uses:
Employed in textile processing, agriculture (soil conditioner), and construction (concrete additives).

Solid PAM is considered non-toxic, but inhalation of dust may cause mild irritation.
Unpolymerized acrylamide monomer (residual <0.05%) is toxic and should be strictly controlled.

Flammability: Non-flammable and chemically stable under normal storage conditions.
Protective Measures: Use dust masks, gloves, and goggles during handling.

Non-toxic to aquatic life in polymerized form.
Biodegradable under specific conditions, but persistent in natural environments.

Municipal Wastewater Treatment:
PAM-based flocculants reduce turbidity and suspended solids by over 95%.
Oilfield Polymer Flooding:
Increases recovery efficiency by up to 15% compared to conventional methods.
Paper Manufacturing:
Anionic PAM improves filler retention, reducing chemical consumption by 20%.