1. Chemical Structure and Properties

• Molecular Formula: C₅H₁₄ClNO

• Structural Formula: [(CH₃)₃N⁺CH₂CH₂OH]Cl – A quaternary ammonium salt with a hydroxyl group.

• Physical Properties:

• Appearance: White crystalline powder or colorless hygroscopic solid; also available as 70–75% aqueous solution.

• Melting Point: 302°C (decomposes).

• Density: 1.1 g/cm³ (solid).

• Solubility: Fully miscible in water, ethanol, and methanol; strongly hygroscopic.

• Chemical Properties:

• Stable under ambient conditions; decomposes on heating to release trimethylamine and HCl.

• Compatible with vitamins, amino acids, and most minerals in feed formulations.

2. Industrial Applications

• Animal Nutrition:

• Used as a vital feed additive for poultry, swine, and cattle. Prevents fatty liver syndrome and supports growth.

• Market share: Accounts for ~80% of global choline chloride demand.

• Food Industry:

• Approved as a dietary supplement (vitamin B4), added to health foods and beverages.

• Pharmaceuticals:

• Precursor for acetylcholine biosynthesis; supports neurological functions.

• Agriculture:

• Plant growth promoter and leaf fertilizer to improve stress resistance and crop yields.

• Industrial Uses:

• Intermediate in amino resin production, and as a base material for ionic liquids.

3. Safety and Toxicology

• Health Hazards:

• Low toxicity; essential nutrient for humans and animals.

• Overexposure may cause sweating, gastrointestinal discomfort, or hypotension.

• Inhalation: Dust or aerosols may cause mild respiratory irritation.

• Skin/Eye Contact: Hygroscopic nature may cause irritation upon prolonged contact.

• Flammability: Non-flammable, but decomposition releases toxic gases (HCl, trimethylamine).

• Protection Measures: Use gloves, goggles, and dust masks during handling.

4. Environmental and Regulatory Compliance

• Environmental Impact:

• Readily biodegradable; minimal environmental hazard.

• Aquatic toxicity is low (LC50 > 1,000 mg/L for fish).

• Regulatory Frameworks:

• EU REACH: Registered.

• FDA (USA): Approved as GRAS (Generally Recognized As Safe) for food and feed.

• China: Listed in GB standards for feed additives.

• Transport: Not classified as hazardous under UN transport regulations.

5. Case Studies and Application Insights

• Case 1: Poultry Farming

• Application: Supplementation of broiler feed with 500 mg/kg choline chloride.

• Result: Improved weight gain and feed efficiency by ~10%.

• Case 2: Crop Fertilization

• Application: Foliar spray with 0.5% choline chloride solution on rice.

• Result: Increased drought resistance and yield by ~12%.

• Comparative Analysis:

• Pros: High bioavailability, cost-effective source of choline.

• Cons: Strong hygroscopicity requires careful storage and handling.